Multimedia Laboratory in the Department of Communication Science is one of the laboratories under the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta. This laboratory is located in the Agussalim building, room AS. 1-7. This multimedia laboratory has a capacity of up to 25 students. room AS. 1 ... The Academic Multimedia Lab serves BYU–Hawaii ohana and welcomes the community. We strive to serve our valued customers in a friendly, and timely manner and work to deliver quality products. We provide a creative space to assist students with class projects and support the academic success of the university. The Multimedia Labs are multi-computer teaching facilities dedicated to integrating creative technology with teaching and learning. We provide software, equipment and support for …Faculty of Creative Multimedia (FCM) Faculty of Applied Communication (FAC) Faculty of Business (FOB) By Campus. Cyberjaya. Foundation, Diploma & Degree. Business & Accounting; Creative Multimedia; Strategic Communication; Engineering; Information Technology & Computer Science; Cinematic Arts; Postgraduate. By Research; By …The Digital Video and Multimedia (DVMM) Lab at Columbia University is dedicated to research of computer vision, machine learning, and multimodal content understanding. Our primary goal is to develop intelligent techniques and systems that can extract rich information and knowledge from data of rich modalities and their combinations, such as ... The MIT Media Lab promotes an interdisciplinary research culture that brings together diverse areas of interest and inquiry. Unique among other laboratories at MIT, the Media Lab comprises both a broad research agenda and a graduate degree Program in (htt p://cat alog.mit .edu/school s/ architecture-pl anning/media-ar t s-sciences)Media Arts ... The engineering team has extensive experience and a broad background in the wireless and mobile devices industry with the majority of engineers carrying PhDs from top research universities around the world. Locations. SoC-Cellular & Multimedia Lab. 3655 North 1st St. San Jose, CA 95134.The effectiveness of using interactive laboratory instruction was tested, together with the significance of multimedia and interactive elements in the course of such preparation. …Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission National Digital Infrastructure Lab (NDIL) Report 3 September 2020. 1 The current pandemic has triggered an urgency for Malaysia to address the ‘new norm’ and cater for future demandsStudents come to the Media Lab through the Program in Media Arts and Sciences (MAS), based within MIT’s School of Architecture + Planning. Each year, the program accepts approximately 50 master’s and PhD candidates with backgrounds ranging from computer science to psychology, architecture to neuroscience, mechanical engineering to material …Multimedia Lab, Rome, Italy. 297 likes · 11 were here. Multimedia Lab è un corso del terzo anno della Laurea in Ingegneria Elettronica presso l'Universit The MIT Media Lab is an interdisciplinary research lab that encourages the unconventional mixing and matching of seemingly disparate research areas. About us. The research interests of the Visualization and MultiMedia Lab (VMML) cover a wide range of topics in real-time 3D computer graphics, simulation, interactive visualization, large-scale scientific visualization and multimedia technology. Specific current and past research topics include parallel rendering, geometry …We always have a number of exciting student projects available in 3D graphics, scientific visualization and multimedia, and our lab is constantly extended by sophisticated graphics and virtual reality equipment. Diploma and Student Projects; Hiwi positions. Multimedia Lab. Contact and location Contact Call (360) 867-6842. [email protected]; Location. Evans L1404. Olympia Campus; Mailstop Evans 1501 ... The multimedia lab is an open learning space with computers for editing photo, media, and video projects. In the multimedia lab, a media conversion work space has been set up where Luther faculty, staff and students can complete several types of media conversions including digitizing videos and uploading them to KATIE, Luther’s web-based ... The Equipment Resource Centre (ERC) is our hub of media resources. Every student has access to over 6,000 items of industry-standard photography, film and audio kit. Resources range from the latest in digital tech to classic analogue equipment within the fields of moving image, sound, photography, gaming, illustration and animation.The Multimedia Lab provides an exciting, intellectually stimulating research environment, ideal for people that want to live, work, and study at the cutting edge of the Information Age. Staff Job Openings. The CUHK Multimedia Lab (MMLab) is one of the pioneering institutes on deep learning. In GPU Technology Conference (GTC) 2016, a world-wide ... Multimedia Lab. Contact and location Contact Call (360) 867-6842. [email protected]; Location. Evans L1404. Olympia Campus; Mailstop Evans 1501 ... Established in 1997, FCM stands as a pioneering institution at the forefront of Malaysian creative multimedia education. Our unique integration of academic study with hands-on digital technology has been a proven formula for success. As part of MSC Malaysia, FCM played a crucial role in the initial initiative to cultivate creative talents who ...The College maintains multimedia labs in both Crown Hall and 3410 South State Street. All of the PCs include a variety of software products that support curricular aims of architecture faculty. Many different seats of software are offered, giving each workstation the following capabilities: 3D modeling. Parametric modeling. The UO Cinema Studies Department is pleased to offer a new kind of new media laboratory, open to anyone in the university community (students, faculty, and staff) for digital editing and image creation. On the second floor of Knight Library, the lab is available seven days a week (and well into the night) during the academic year for students ... Apr 8, 2024 · The Media Teaching Lab at UC San Diego is dedicated to providing outstanding media production facilities, equipment, and technical assistance to undergraduate and graduate students. The Media Teaching Lab has a wide variety of equipment available for use in photography, video, film, and audio production. This includes high end cinema cameras ... Key Takeaways. A visualization group facing a changing need for its services reinvented itself as a multimedia lab to serve a wider audience with a growing demand for digital content.; The new media lab soon became a nexus for exchanging teaching ideas and a place where instructors could find support and guidance from …This study aims to reveal the level of student acceptance on the multimedia laboratories, by explaining the direct and indirect effect of internal support and … MediaLab's up-to-date compliance courses cover essential safety and training requirements for medical professionals. Our continuing education library focuses on cutting-edge laboratory topics. Compliance & CE courses are available to institutions through MediaLab and to individuals at our companion site, LabCE.com. The UO Cinema Studies Department is pleased to offer a new kind of new media laboratory, open to anyone in the university community (students, faculty, and staff) for digital editing and image creation. On the second floor of Knight Library, the lab is available seven days a week (and well into the night) during the academic year for students ... The effectiveness of using interactive laboratory instruction was tested, together with the significance of multimedia and interactive elements in the course of such preparation. …Multimedia, 3D and Image Analysis Lab Best demo award @ GTTI MMSP 2024 March 7, 2024 During the GTTI-SPS Thematic Meeting on Multimedia Signal Processing the demo presented by Sara Baldoni (University of Padova) and Anna Ferrarotti (Roma Tre University) won the Best Demo Award.Established in 1997, FCM stands as a pioneering institution at the forefront of Malaysian creative multimedia education. Our unique integration of academic study with hands-on digital technology has been a proven formula for success. As part of MSC Malaysia, FCM played a crucial role in the initial initiative to cultivate creative talents who ...Key aspects include using multimedia to engage students through group work, problem solving, and presenting knowledge in multiple ways. Setting up laboratories requires planning spaces for computers, presentation areas, and mobile stations. 3. Benefits are that multimedia makes learning more engaging, appeals to different learners, and … We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. MediaLab's up-to-date compliance courses cover essential safety and training requirements for medical professionals. Our continuing education library focuses on cutting-edge laboratory topics. Compliance & CE courses are available to institutions through MediaLab and to individuals at our companion site, LabCE.com. The UO Cinema Studies Department is pleased to offer a new kind of new media laboratory, open to anyone in the university community (students, faculty, and staff) for digital editing and image creation. On the second floor of Knight Library, the lab is available seven days a week (and well into the night) during the academic year for students ... The Equipment Resource Centre (ERC) is our hub of media resources. Every student has access to over 6,000 items of industry-standard photography, film and audio kit. Resources range from the latest in digital tech to classic analogue equipment within the fields of moving image, sound, photography, gaming, illustration and animation.Xudong Xu 徐旭东. I am a final-year PhD student in Multimedia Laboratory in the Chinese University of Hong Kong. My supervisor is Prof. Dahua Lin.I work closely with Bo Dai, Xingang Pan, Hang Zhou and Ziwei Liu.. I recieved my B.E in Automation from Nanjing University in June 2018.. My research interests lie in the area of Computer Vision and …Introduction to UBC Digital Multimedia Lab The UBC Digital Multimedia Lab was founded and directed by Dr. Panos Nasiopoulos.The Lab focuses on research and development in the areas of emerging deep learning-based imaging and video technologies with focus on video processing and compression, video broadcasting and streaming, for applications …The Multimedia Labs (or MMLs for short) provide the Brown community with inclusive, adaptive, and experimental spaces equipped with emerging technology to support creative digital work and inspire a community of makers.We embrace thinking through making as a powerful approach to design and learning. New members can gain access by completing …MultiMedia Lab is an editor making HTML and Javascript running in your Internet browser. It is object oriented and placing objects on the page make the application. By combining presentation objects, transforming objects, interrupting objects and manipulating the object properties and position, you can make superb applications for a …Digital multimedia lab is the only Canadian academic laboratory chosen to conduct 3D subjective tests for MPEG on 3D video coding proposals. Our Blog. Digital Multimedia Lab Blog A place to share, comment and help each other with our research. Lab Calendar View Larger Calendar. Aim. Provide multiple avenues for learning, using, and development of video and audio processing, editing, web technologies, design and multimedia technologies. To provide a comfortable environment for multimedia authoring, instruction, and research and development of multimedia technologies. The departments of CS and Music offer courses ... the multimedia lab system is a relatively new facility, having been installed in 2007, just one year prior to the start of the project. It therefore seemed appropriate to explore ways in which the affordances offered by the new lab system might be most effectively exploited to enhance and facilitate language learning in the given context.Multimedia University - Best Private University in Malaysia. Browse Programmes. Our Programmes. By Faculty. By Campus. All Programmes. Quick Links. Scholarship. …The Networking and Multimedia Systems Lab (NMSL) is a research lab of the Department of Computer Science at National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Hsinchu, Taiwan. NMSL is led by Dr. Cheng-Hsin Hsu, located at EECS 741 and 742. We are interested in the broad areas of multimedia networking and distributed systems.cells. decision-making. digital currency. asl. The MIT Media Lab is an interdisciplinary research lab that encourages the unconventional mixing and matching of seemingly disparate research areas.Multimedia Technology Laboratory memiliki fokus dalam pendukung pelaksanaan praktikum yang berfokus dalam pengembangan creative design dalam bidang Gambar 2D, Animasi 3D, Video Editing dan matakuliah lain yang berkaitan dengan desain dan teknologi multimedia. Detail Laboratorium. Nama Laboratorium. Multimedia Technology …Multimedia Lab. The department has an award-winning, state-of-the-art multimedia laboratory utilizing multiple digital resources and tools. The media lab is equipped with a range of recording devices enabling UHD4K video and pro-level audio recording capabilities. Access to industry standard, high-tech software also provides residents the … Students using this multimedia language lab get plenty of opportunities to listen to the voice of native speakers, repeat the same, do self-evaluation through comparison and interact with better confidence. This cost effective software can be installed in the existing computer labs with networked PCs and there by minimize the cost of hardware. More The School of Computing’s main multimedia lab. Performance & Marketing Cookies. We use cookies to collect information about how visitors use the website and to improve the user experience.Retractions are part of science, but misconduct isn’t — lessons from a superconductivity lab. Editorial. Any plan to make smoking obsolete is the right step. …IT & Multimedia Lab ; IT & Multimedia . There are 4 main IT room in the HBP IT Lab and internet surfing corner . The computers are Workstation holding a significant suite of specialist software available to students …Multimedia Authoring Tools- These tools are used for combing different kinds of media formats and deliver them as multimedia contents. Multimedia Application: Multimedia applications are created with the help of following mentioned tools and packages. The sound, text, graphics, animation and video are the integral part of multimedia software.Kem Multimedia@UUM 2024. SINTOK: Digital Production and Services (DProS) telah menganjurkan 'Kem Multimedia@UUM 2024' yang... 31 Mar. Sesi Perkongsian di antara SMMTC, UUM-Universitas dan FIKOM, Mercu Buana. Pada, 29 Januari 2024, Sesi Perkongsian di antara SMMTC, UUM-Universitas dan FIKOM, Mercu Buana...The Multimedia Lab provides an exciting, intellectually stimulating research environment, ideal for people that want to live, work, and study at the cutting edge of the Information Age. Staff Job Openings. The CUHK Multimedia Lab (MMLab) is one of the pioneering institutes on deep learning. In GPU Technology Conference (GTC) 2016, a world-wide ...DOCUMENTS. RULES & SOP. Infografik Makmal Komputer. Peraturan Penggunaan makmal Semasa & Selepas PKP. SOP Perkhidmatan & Sewaan Makmal Semasa & Selepas PKP. MULTIMEDIA COMPUTER LABORATORY TECHNICAL STAFF ASSISTANT OPERATION (N11)Phone No: 03-26154831Room No: PSZ …Microsoft Research Asia (MSR Asia), established in 1998, is Microsoft’s research arm in the Asia-Pacific region, with research labs and personnel located in Beijing, Shanghai, Vancouver, Tokyo, Seoul, Singapore and Hong Kong. The lab conducts basic and applied research in areas central to Microsoft’s long-term strategy and computing … Multimedia Lab. Contact and location Contact Call (360) 867-6842. [email protected]; Location. Evans L1404. Olympia Campus; Mailstop Evans 1501 ... The ever-increasing 3D application makes the point cloud compression unprecedentedly important and needed. In this paper, we propose a patch-based compression process using deep learning, focusing on the lossy point cloud geometry compression.The College maintains multimedia labs in both Crown Hall and 3410 South State Street. All of the PCs include a variety of software products that support curricular aims of architecture faculty. Many different seats of software are offered, giving each workstation the following capabilities: 3D modeling. Parametric modeling.Laboratory Manual (Version 10.0) for Multimedia Technologies - Lab (MCA-233) MCA - III Semester Compiled by: Dr. Saumya Bansal (Assistant Professor, BVICAM, New Delhi) Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM) A-4, Paschim Vihar, Rohtak Road, New Delhi-63 Visit us at: www.bvicam.inWhat is the multimedia lab? Located in Cherry Parkes 005, this facility is available for students, RSOs, and the campus community to develop enhanced presentations and …What is the multimedia lab? Located in Cherry Parkes 005, this facility is available for students, RSOs, and the campus community to develop enhanced presentations and …Multimedia Lab. Contact and location Contact Call (360) 867-6842. [email protected]; Location. Evans L1404. Olympia Campus; Mailstop Evans 1501 Take the Next Step. Connect with a Counselor Schedule a Visit Apply for Admission . Olympia, Washington. Tacoma, Washington (360) 867-6000. Facebook. Youtube. Instagram. LinkedIn ...Jul 11, 2014 · Multimedia Lab. Location. CS 2204-2205. Mission. Provide state-of-the-art systems and tools to teach students about multimedia systems (audio, animation, 3D, video, and graphics integrated into a production). Details. The Computer Science Multimedia Lab, part of the Center for Visual Computing, was established in 1995 with an infrastructure ... Alessandro Opinto (Ph.D. student 2018-2022). Software Engineer at Keysight Technologies (since 2022) Davide Alinovi (Ph.D. student 2014-2017; Research associate 2017-2019).Deceased in September 2020.: Carlo Tripodi (Ph.D. student 2013-2016; Research associate 2016-2017). Research engineer at ASK Industries S.p.A. (since 2017)The School of Computing’s main multimedia lab. Performance & Marketing Cookies. We use cookies to collect information about how visitors use the website and to improve the user experience.Multimedia Laboratory in the Department of Communication Science is one of the laboratories under the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta. This laboratory is located in the Agussalim building, room AS. 1-7. This multimedia laboratory has a capacity of up to 25 students. room AS. 1 ...Animation Labs. There are two 2D labs and a 3D lab ; Specific information is available at the Animation Labs wiki. Computer Center Media Stations. There are two media station in the Computer Center. They are Mac minis with dual monitors. They have the same software as the Multimedia Lab.In order to provide UMP students with technology-based learning experiences and to prepare them with the demands of the technological advancement, CML has established 13 state-of-the-arts Multimedia Language Labs (MLL) that are located at Block X and Y of the Gambang campus, and 18 labs are located at the Pekan campus.The engineering team has extensive experience and a broad background in the wireless and mobile devices industry with the majority of engineers carrying PhDs from top research universities around the world. Locations. SoC-Cellular & Multimedia Lab. 3655 North 1st St. San Jose, CA 95134.gaopeng. /. I am a Young Scientist at Shanghai AI Lab. I got my Ph.D. degree from Multimedia Lab, the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2021. During my Ph.D. period, I was supervised by Xiaogang Wang and Hongsheng Li. I was luckily to be involved in internship program at MERL Boston, Microsoft Seattle, AI2 Seattle and Sensetime Beijing ...Case Study of Multimedia Tool and to design an multimedia application. Week 14 Test-3 Resources: Donald Hearn, M. Pauline Baker, “Computer Graphics”, C version, 2nd edition Prentice-Hall. Zhigang Xiang, Roy A. Plastock,Schaum's outline of “Theory and Problems of computer graphics”, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill.The Mobile Multimedia Communications Laboratory has a slogan, "Towards User-friendly Information and Communication Environment." User-friendly Information and Communication Environment refers to an environment where Humans can use information and communication services without being conscious of computers.The Multimedia Labs (or MMLs for short) provide the Brown community with inclusive, adaptive, and experimental spaces equipped with emerging technology to support creative digital work and inspire a community of makers.We embrace thinking through making as a powerful approach to design and learning. New members can gain access by completing …Bintulu Branch Office Level 7, Bintulu Town Square Office Block, Private Lot 37, Survey Lot 8489, Lot 31, Kemena Land District, 97000, Bintulu, SarawakDownload Edison 5 Multimedia Lab for exploring electronics and electricity. Edison version 5 is a unique new learning environment for electricity and electronics. Teachers and students can use multimedia screens, virtual instruments, sound, and animation to create, test, and safely repair circuits. Real-time 3D graphics … The Multimedia Lab offers a wealth of services to all departments and Colleges within the University of Cambridge, and to the general public locally. The Facility's friendly and efficient staff can help you with all your photographic, graphic and reprographic requirements, offering a reliable, professional service whilst ensuring that your ... The MIT Media Lab promotes an interdisciplinary research culture that brings together diverse areas of interest and inquiry. Unique among other laboratories at MIT, the Media Lab comprises both a broad research agenda and a graduate degree Program in (htt p://cat alog.mit .edu/school s/ architecture-pl anning/media-ar t s-sciences)Media Arts ... Apr 5, 2024 · The MultiMaker Lab was originally two separate spaces, the Makerspace and the Multimedia Lab. Both have now been combined into this one large lab and relocated to this larger space. Our equipment and software from both spaces are still available in this one convenient location. The lab is a place to collaborate, create, learn, and explore. Lab Color is a more accurate color space. It uses three values (L, a, and b) to specify colors. RGB and CMYK color spaces specify a color by telling a device how much of each color is needed. Lab Color works more like the human eye. It specifies a color using a 3-axis system. The a-axis (green to red), b-axis (blue to yellow) and Lightness axis.The Multimedia Laboratory of the Department of Information Engineering at the Chinese University of Hong Kong is one of the pioneering institutes on deep learning and …What is the multimedia lab? Located in Cherry Parkes 005, this facility is available for students, RSOs, and the campus community to develop enhanced presentations and …Satish K. Tripathi, Director. The mission of the Mobile Computing and Multimedia Laboratory (MCML) is to perform innovative research in the areas of mobile computer communications and multimedia systems. Members of the lab are investigating wireless and mobility problems such as routing protocols and algorithms, resource and service …Multimedia Solutions, Inc. proudly represent all Sanako language labs and provides sales and services of all Sanako language lab solutions including software language labs and a web-based live online language lab that includes ASL sign language learning capabilities. Including web-based language lab solutions for use in the classroom or virtual language …Multimedia Technology Laboratory memiliki fokus dalam pendukung pelaksanaan praktikum yang berfokus dalam pengembangan creative design dalam bidang Gambar 2D, Animasi 3D, Video Editing dan matakuliah lain yang berkaitan dengan desain dan teknologi multimedia. Detail Laboratorium. Nama Laboratorium. Multimedia Technology …Laboratory Manual (Version 10.0) for Multimedia Technologies - Lab (MCA-233) MCA - III Semester Compiled by: Dr. Saumya Bansal (Assistant Professor, BVICAM, New Delhi) Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM) A-4, Paschim Vihar, Rohtak Road, New Delhi-63 Visit us at: www.bvicam.inSep 7, 2017 · In the decades since the Media Lab launched, the meaning of its name has evolved, explains Andy Lippman, an associate director of the Lab who heads its Viral Communications research group. Lippman’s history at MIT predates the foundation of the Lab, and he has worked here since its inception. "We chose the name Media Lab because at the time ... Key Takeaways. A visualization group facing a changing need for its services reinvented itself as a multimedia lab to serve a wider audience with a growing demand for digital content.; The new media lab soon became a nexus for exchanging teaching ideas and a place where instructors could find support and guidance from …Feb 5, 2010 · Media Lab research highlighted by MIT News in its wrap-ups of 2023 press coverage. The Media Lab is honored to have had its research and researchers highlighted in two 2023 end-of-year lists prepared by MIT News. Dec. 21, 2023. in Affective Computing· Opera of the Future· Personal Robots+7 more. Edison 5 : Multimedia Lab for exploring electronics and electricity. Edison version 5 is a unique new learning environment for electricity and electronics. Teachers and students can use multimedia screens, virtual instruments, sound, and animation to create, test, and safely repair circuits. Real-time 3D graphics and lifelike 3D components will ...
KOTA KINABALU: The Natural Disaster Research Centre (NDRC) at Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) is now offering industrial training to four students from Universiti …. Nasa.gov
MediaLab's up-to-date compliance courses cover essential safety and training requirements for medical professionals. Our continuing education library focuses on cutting-edge laboratory topics. Compliance & CE courses are available to institutions through MediaLab and to individuals at our companion site, LabCE.com. In order to provide UMP students with technology-based learning experiences and to prepare them with the demands of the technological advancement, CML has established 13 state-of-the-arts Multimedia Language Labs (MLL) that are located at Block X and Y of the Gambang campus, and 18 labs are located at the Pekan campus.multimedialab (École de Recherche Graphique-Bruxelles)SJTU Media Lab. Video is becoming the "biggest big data" as the most important and valuable source for insights and information. Researches in our lab cover a broad range of topics on video signal. Inspired by state-of-the-art representation model like deep learning, and driven by modern biologically computational model for visual experience ...About Our Lab. Our Computer Vision and Multimedia Laboratory (CVM-Lab) is affiliated with IIT (Illinois Institute of Technology) at Chicago, IL. Our research work is committed to enabling machines with the ability to intelligently perceive, understand and interact with humans and the real world via multiple sensory information from vision ...Satish K. Tripathi, Director. The mission of the Mobile Computing and Multimedia Laboratory (MCML) is to perform innovative research in the areas of mobile computer communications and multimedia systems. Members of the lab are investigating wireless and mobility problems such as routing protocols and algorithms, resource and service …The multimedia lab is an open learning space with computers for editing photo, media, and video projects. In the multimedia lab, a media conversion work space has been set up where Luther faculty, staff and students can complete several types of media conversions including digitizing videos and uploading them to KATIE, Luther’s web-based ...What is the multimedia lab? Located in Cherry Parkes 005, this facility is available for students, RSOs, and the campus community to develop enhanced presentations and …Introduction to UBC Digital Multimedia Lab The UBC Digital Multimedia Lab was founded and directed by Dr. Panos Nasiopoulos.The Lab focuses on research and development in the areas of High Dynamic Range video coding, Multiview and 3D coding, interactive multimedia (i.e. iDTV and DVD), digital video broadcasting and streaming, digital video …The Multimedia Laboratory at the University of Toronto, is part of the Communications Group at the Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Our Laboratory has been at the forefront of the signal and image processing field. Specifically, research has been focused in the areas of biometric …Welcome to the Multimedia Laboratory. The Multimedia Laboratory at the University of Toronto, is part of the Communications Group at the Edward S. Rogers Sr. …Students using this multimedia language lab get plenty of opportunities to listen to the voice of native speakers, repeat the same, do self-evaluation through comparison and interact with better confidence. This cost effective software can be installed in the existing computer labs with networked PCs and there by minimize the cost of hardware..