Effigy native american - A platform effigy pipe resembling a bird carved out of pipestone. ... frogs, raccoons, wolves, and many other animals that were native to North America! These different stones occur in a wide variety of colors from black and grey to bright pinks and reds. ... American Indian tradition also indicates that the act of quarrying pipestone was …

 
 Native American Totem: Authentic Indian Effigy Art, Unique Ethically Sourced Collectible. (1) $6,500.00. FREE shipping. ANCIENT 14lb Stone Canoe Anchor, Native American, Found Lafayette, In. (Wabash River) (4) $575.00. FREE shipping. . Ifpa pulling

Adams believes the colossal snakes — such effigies are common in Native American stonework — were meant to be seen from the sky world. For far too long, precisely crafted stone work such as ...Feb 10, 2022 · Miller said they believe the earthwork is the first effigy mound to be built by Native Americans in North America in the last 500 years and is intended to act as it would have back in the day – as a wayfinding. Though completed, the mound is expected to change and grow over time as the indigenous plants that were planted along its body take root. Native American Pottery Navajo Traditional Native American Animal Effigy Pottery Red Clay Duck Effigy Bowl Pot Pueblo Pottery (484) Sale Price $314.99 $ 314.99Glazes are seldom used by indigenous American ceramic artists. Grease can be rubbed onto the pot as well. Prior to contact, pottery was usually open-air fired or pit fired; precontact Indigenous peoples of Mexico used kilns extensively. Today many Native American ceramic artists use kilns. In pit-firing, the pot is placed in a shallow pit dug ...Tohono O'odham Duck Basket Woven Duck Effigy / Native American Fiber Arts Basket Weaving / Vintagesouthwest (4.2k) $ 95.00. FREE shipping Add to Favorites Effigy jar with four faces, Casas Grandes reproduction (275) $ 195.00. Add to Favorites Elephant Vase - Delft Blue Decorated Elephant Effigy Bowl or Vase - Unusual form and Style - 6.25" … Native American Indian Stone Tools Effigy KNIFE SHARP POINT BEAUTIFUL! Apache. Pre-Owned. $279.00. topnotchalltheway (9,546) 100%. or Best Offer. +$19.00 shipping. Sponsored. New Listing Native American Indian Stone Tools Lot Effigy Nice Pestle Apache /Ctdw. Apr 29, 2018 ... Effigies of horses and whales ,bears, birds, buffalo and lions. Carve out of white quartz. Found around an aincient Serpent wall.Native American Indian artifacts are fascinating collectibles for history buffs and native descendants. They are perfect for immersion learning for both adults and children who want a more tactile approach to American history. Paleo era pieces, including arrowheads, spearheads, and tools, can be dated back as far as 12000 B.C.E.Amulets, Effigies, Fetishes, and Charms: Native American Artifacts and Spirit Stones from the Northeast. Book. Edward J. Lenik. 2016. Published by: The University of Alabama Press. View. summary. Rounds out Edward J. Lenik’s comprehensive and expert study of the rock art of northeastern Native Americans.Nice Raccoon Effigy Pipe Flat Type Native American Artifact Lewis Co Kentucky . $300.00. $6.00 shipping. Fine 6 3/8" square sided Celt from Pike County, Illinois. $56.00. 5 bids. Free shipping. Ending Saturday at 6:30PM PDT 1d 19h. New Listing 1.75” LOUISIANA INDIAN ARROWHEAD ARTIFACT ST LANDRY PARISH NATIVE EVANS.Pottery was often made in effigy form, depicting animals and items in striking detail and accuracy. These exotic effigies sometimes depict dogs, deer, otters, frog, shells and …She thinks it could be a “face effigy,” and based on this photograph below right (which I found online) showing a known Native American Indian artifact, it seems like it could be … they’re both about the same size, and the way that the eyes and jaws are carved has some similarities. Our picture-submitting friend said: “I have been ...Since its introduction in the mobile app development industry, React Native has become the fastest growing technology for the development of Android and iOS apps.Made from genuine red pipestone or "Catlinite," these authentic pipestone pipes are expertly hand carved using traditional methods. Available in a variety of sizes and effigy shapes. Wooden Pipe Stems: Flat style wooden pipestems, available in beautiful, aromatic red cedar; slightly tapered and complete with hole pre-drilled for smoking.bird stone, abstract stone carving, one of the most striking artifacts left by the prehistoric North American Indians who inhabited the area east of the Mississippi River in the United States and parts of eastern Canada. The … Stone Effigies and Gods. Effigies are found in several forms, including cairns, walls and petroforms, as well as shaped individual stones and boulders: Cairns shaped as birds, turtles or other animals. Effigy Walls generally depict serpents, mediators between the Upperworld and the Underworld. Serpent effigy walls often terminate at a boulder ... Native American Indian artists have a rich and vibrant heritage that spans centuries. Their art forms, deeply rooted in tradition and culture, have not only captivated audiences ar...288 S. Indian Mounds Parkway - Whitewater, WI 53190. Information: 262-473-0102. Sunrise to Sunset. Share. View Website Favorite (3) Whitewater Effigy Mounds Preserve is a park operated by the city of Whitewater, Wisconsin. The 21.5-acre park is located on the west side of the city. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.When French explorers and fur trappers came to the New World, they experienced a largely peaceful, friendly, and conflict-free relationship with the Native Americans living in the ...May 30, 2015 · “Officials called the 300-acre site unique. Other Plains Native American sites have separate effigies, cairns, circles or drive lines to direct buffalo, but this is the first to have been found with all of these various structures in one place.” The archaeologists called it unique because there is no other site like it. There is only one. This Native American Effigy Mastedone is a fascinating collectible that belongs to the Pre-1600 era. It is a rare artifact that represents the Native American culture of the US. The intricate design and craftsmanship of this item showcase the skills of its creators. The Mastedone is in good shape and has been well-maintained over the years.Native American Indian Stone Tools Effigy KNIFE SHARP POINT BEAUTIFUL! Apache. Pre-Owned. $279.00. topnotchalltheway (9,546) 100%. or Best Offer. +$19.00 shipping. Sponsored. New Listing Native American Indian Stone Tools Lot Effigy Nice Pestle Apache /Ctdw.The artifacts illuminated in Amulets, Effigies, Fetishes, and Charms: Native American Artifacts and Spirit Stones from the Northeast include pecked, sculpted, or incised figures, images, or symbols. These are rendered on pebbles, plaques, pendants, axes, pestles, and atlatl weights, and are of varying sizes, shapes, and designs.Effigy mounds were built by Late Woodland people, as archeologists call them, from between A.D. 750 and 1200. These mound builders probably lived in temporary camps in structures similar to wigwams that could be easily dismantled and moved, Rosebrough said. They hunted with bows and arrows, gathered mussels and nuts, …Miller said they believe the earthwork is the first effigy mound to be built by Native Americans in North America in the last 500 years and is intended to act as it would have back in the day – as a wayfinding. Though completed, the mound is expected to change and grow over time as the indigenous plants that were planted along its body take root.Need a React native developer in France? Read reviews & compare projects by leading React Native development companies. Find a company today! Development Most Popular Emerging Tech...The ways in which contemporary Wisconsinites interpret and value the state's ancient effigy mounds continue to evolve. Since they were first found by European-American people who settled in the region and subsequently destroyed via agriculture and construction, excavated by archaeologists or preserved for posterity, interpretations of their origins and meaning …Those who purchase authentic Native American carvings and fetishes are acquiring a powerfully symbolic and revered art form, the origins of which have great significance to Pueblo people. ... not only in the rock faces but also in early effigy pots and vessels, intentionally created for a specific purpose. These carvings have endured …This is a list of notable burial mounds in the United States built by Native Americans. ... Effigy mounds built by nomadic woodland tribes somewhere between 1000 CE and 1500 CE. These dates have been determined by carbon dating charcoal remnants from the fires of the effigy mound builders. The woodland tribes that built these mounds are thought ...Mound Builders. Monks Mound, built c. 950–1100 CE and located at the Cahokia Mounds UNESCO World Heritage Site near Collinsville, Illinois, is the largest pre-Columbian earthwork in America north of Mesoamerica. Many pre-Columbian cultures in North America were collectively termed " Mound Builders ", but the term has no formal meaning.Flutes carved with elaborate geometric designs of effigy’s had spiritual influence and were also seen as a means of the artist expressing themselves creatively. Art in the Native American community tells a story no matter what the symbolism. For the Potawatomi, animals and plants from the forest were, and are still used to portray the …Nov 20, 2015 - Explore Kevin Martin's board "effigy", followed by 250 people on Pinterest. See more ideas about effigy, native american artifacts, indian artifacts.Updated: Oct 5, 2021 / 12:27 AM EDT. KALAMAZOO, Mich. (WOOD) — Archaeologists and Kalamazoo city leaders are trying to uncover what could be underground a Native American mound in the southwest ...Effigy mounds, earthworks in the shape of animals and birds, were raised in North America in areas that now correspond to parts of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa, and Ohio. ... when many ancient Native American mounds were plowed under. Fortunately, the extraordinary size and recognizable depictions saved many of the effigy mounds from ...Native American tribes have a rich and diverse history that stretches across the entire United States. From the East Coast to the West Coast, each state has its own unique indigeno...Mar 31, 2016 · She thinks it could be a “face effigy,” and based on this photograph below right (which I found online) showing a known Native American Indian artifact, it seems like it could be … they’re both about the same size, and the way that the eyes and jaws are carved has some similarities. Our picture-submitting friend said: “I have been ... Apr 15, 2018 · The map depicted the Native American trails and villages that existed in Chicago in the early 1800s, before the city was officially incorporated. It shows an odd, reptilian-looking shape, labelled the “Effigy Mound Lizard,” in the area that is known today as the Lakeview neighborhood. That made Judy wonder, because she’d heard of lizard ... Lizard Mound is one of the most well-preserved Native American effigy mound sites in the nation, with 28 extant conical and linear mounds on the property. The property's effigy mounds have been interpreted as representing spiritual and/or animal-like forms, including bird, panther or water spirit, and the eponymous lizard.MUSCODA — Frank’s Hill is actually two hills. The west hill holds a series of 12 conical mounds believed to have been built as an ancient calendar. The east hill holds effigy mounds: one in the shape of a bird, another a four-legged animal, most likely a bear. It was on this east hill that Ritchie Brown, an elder of the Ho-Chunk Nation ...Madison Area. Madison and its surrounding lakes have an incredible concentration of Native American earthworks, including an eagle with a 624-foot wingspan. Believed to be the largest effigy mound in the world, it's protected on the grounds of the state-owned Mendota Mental Health Institute. While only two of the Milwaukee area’s original ...Today Effigy Mounds National Monument in Iowa protects more than 200 of these ancient Native American mounds, 31 of which are shaped as birds and bears. The Marching Bear Group, composed of 10 bear-shaped mounds, was first mapped in 1910 and is one of the key resources cited for creation of the national monument in 1949.The item “RARE Pre-Historic Human Effigy Native American Hopi Girl Sichmovi First Mesa AZ” is in sale since Wednesday, December 23, 2020. This item is in the category “Collectibles\Cultures & Ethnicities\Native American\ US\Pre-1600\Pipes”. The seller is “sae_georg” and is located in Pearland, Texas.Between 650 and 1200 C.E., groups of Native Americans throughout the Midwest built earthen mounds of various shapes and sizes made to resemble animals and spirits. The …Biface Knife. This artifact is a bifacial unhafted jasper knife. The size and shape suggest it to be a multiple use tool. Specifically, as a membrane fleshing tool for hides, a general-purpose cutting tool, a plant harvesting tool, and a drill. Native American Hammerstone (0700/1100) by Ancient Pueblo Hutchings Museum Institute.Effigy Mounds derives its name from the shape of the mounds which either fully represent or feature earthen effigies of bears, birds, and other animals. The mounds are attributed to a number of Native American nations working over many generations although some of the over 200 mounds show evidence of fairly quick construction.Milwaukee was Native American land until the 1830s. The Potawatomi lived in the area in the early 19th century but lost their lands as a result of coerced treaties that forced them to cede the territory to the United States for American settlers. Most of these people were removed west to a reservation in Kansas, but one group that refused ... In a general sense, Indian mounds were built throughout what is now the United States. However, the highest concentration of effigy mounds can be found in the Upper Midwest. While some effigies can be found in southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and northern Illinois, the majority of effigy mounds were built in southern Wisconsin. The map depicted the Native American trails and villages that existed in Chicago in the early 1800s, before the city was officially incorporated. It shows an odd, reptilian-looking shape, labelled the “Effigy Mound Lizard,” in the area that is known today as the Lakeview neighborhood. That made Judy wonder, because she’d heard of lizard ...The ways in which contemporary Wisconsinites interpret and value the state's ancient effigy mounds continue to evolve. Since they were first found by European-American people who settled in the region and …In the past, Native Americans communicated in three different ways. Although the tribes varied, they all used some form of spoken language, pictographs and sign language. The spoke...Updated: Oct 5, 2021 / 12:27 AM EDT. KALAMAZOO, Mich. (WOOD) — Archaeologists and Kalamazoo city leaders are trying to uncover what could be underground a Native American mound in the southwest ...A Native American blood test can determine if a person is descended from Native Americans, as the Association on American Indian Affairs explains.The exhibition chronologically explores the changing construction methods and purposes of the Native American mounds. It begins with the earliest known mounds of about 3700 BC. These were built in the Lower Mississippi Valley by small groups of hunter-gatherers. They accomplished these feats without metal tools.Documenting Native American Monuments at Effigy Mounds National Monument. The eastern half of the United States has a wide variety of ancient and historic earthen mounds, ranging from simple conical mounds to large platform mounds and complex concentric circles. These earthen architecture structures were built by many …Amulets, Effigies, Fetishes, and Charms: Native American Artifacts and Spirit Stones from the Northeast. Book. Edward J. Lenik. 2016. Published by: The University of Alabama Press. View. summary. Rounds out Edward J. Lenik’s comprehensive and expert study of the rock art of northeastern Native Americans.Serpent Mound is the world’s largest surviving effigy mound—a mound in the shape of an animal—from the prehistoric era. Located in southern Ohio, the 411-meter-long (1348-feet-long) Native...288 S. Indian Mounds Parkway - Whitewater, WI 53190. Information: 262-473-0102. Sunrise to Sunset. Share. View Website Favorite (3) Whitewater Effigy Mounds Preserve is a park operated by the city of Whitewater, Wisconsin. The 21.5-acre park is located on the west side of the city. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.In the past, Native Americans communicated in three different ways. Although the tribes varied, they all used some form of spoken language, pictographs and sign language. The spoke...Object Collections. The NMAI object collections (266,000 catalog records) scope encompasses two- and three-dimensional objects/works made, created, used, designed, or commissioned by Native peoples of the Western Hemisphere (excluding Hawai’i); preserved botanical, plant, animal, and mineral samples representative of agriculture, gathering ...In the 1990s, thousands of bones and bone fragments mysteriously went missing from Effigy Mounds National Monument in Iowa, the continental epicenter of Native American burial remains. In December ...Eagle Symbols. The Eagle was one of the most used native American bird symbols. Depending on a tribe and culture, but also the specific situation, it represented war, protection, community connection, and even well-being. Eagle was a motive in many native American songs too. Eagle was a symbol of courage, wisdom, and strength.MUSCODA — Frank’s Hill is actually two hills. The west hill holds a series of 12 conical mounds believed to have been built as an ancient calendar. The east hill holds effigy mounds: one in the shape of a bird, another a four-legged animal, most likely a bear. It was on this east hill that Ritchie Brown, an elder of the Ho-Chunk Nation ...Dog Effigy Vessel. Jalisco (Artist) 300 BC-AD 200 (Archaic) burnished earthenware. (Ancient Americas ) Dogs were indigenous to the ancient Americas, the Mexican Hairless being the likely model for the West Mexico effigies. Throughout Mesoamerica they served as companions, hunting partners, underworld guides, and even sources of food. Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center at Trempealeau. By the 1990’s, archaeologists had learned a great deal about the age of past cultures through Carbon 14 dating. For example, we know that the Hopewell Culture dates from about A.D. 100-400 and that the Effigy Mound Culture dates from about A.D. 700-1100. A native American effigy, designed in the style, is generally a popular piece of furniture. Sioux Indian Art , Lucy M. Lewis and The Cheyennes each produced at least one beautiful native American effigy that is worth considering.See details. Located in: Science Hill, Kentucky, United States. Delivery: Estimated between Thu, Feb 15 and Wed, Feb 21 to 23917. Returns: 14 days returns. Buyer pays for return shipping.Here are 11 ancient Native American earthworks that offer a glimpse into prehistory. 1. Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site // Illinois. Monks Mound is the highest mound at Cahokia State Historic ...BUFFALO BILL CENTER OF THE WEST 720 Sheridan Avenue Cody, WY 82414 307-587-4771 Contact Us. +. Traditionally, many Native American tribes believe owls are a symbol of death. But are there other cultural beliefs concerning owls?1. Southeastern Indian Effigy War Club. War Clubs. 4. Eagle Effigy War Club Iron Blade. War Clubs. 3. Trade Point Ball Headed War Club. War Clubs.Native American - Carved Stone Bear Effigy - Platform Pipe - 7" long, 2 3/4" wide, 3 3/4" tall - Bear Crouched on Platform - Smoking Pipe (287) $ 175.00. Add to Favorites The Paddle (hand-carved, stone, slate, effigy pipe) $ 50.00. FREE shipping Add to Favorites Vintage Smoking Thunder Buffalo Pipe Western Limited Edition Reproduction Sculpture ...If you're looking for low maintenance plants for your garden you don't need to look any further than your own backyard. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All ...Lizard Mound is one of the most well-preserved Native American effigy mound sites in the nation, with 28 extant conical and linear mounds on the property. The property's effigy mounds have been interpreted as representing spiritual and/or animal-like forms, including bird, panther or water spirit, and the eponymous lizard.Dating Portable Rock Art. Determining the age of PRA is challenging. It is ancient and may provide information to alter the peopling of America theories.Lo...The item “RARE Pre-Historic Human Effigy Native American Hopi Girl Sichmovi First Mesa AZ” is in sale since Wednesday, December 23, 2020. This item is in the category “Collectibles\Cultures & Ethnicities\Native American\ US\Pre-1600\Pipes”. The seller is “sae_georg” and is located in Pearland, Texas.Check out a few of these ancient Native American mounds in Georgia: 1. Rock Eagle Effigy Mound: Eatonton. Both the Rock Eagle Effigy Mound and the Rock Hawk Effigy Mound are tucked away near quiet Eatonton. The large bird-shaped piles of stones were constructed between 1,000 and 3,000 years ago by the Woodland tribe.A digital GIS map of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound, created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I., 2002. (CC BY-SA 3.0)Thousands of years ago, Native American peoples populated the Ohioan landscape with mounds and massive earthworks.Initial research attributed the effigy to the Adena culture, which flourished from 1000 BC to …Grand Mound Historic Site is one of 25 National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota. The largest of the five mounds is 25 feet high and 140 feet long. It is: Minnesota’s largest Native American earthwork. the largest surviving “prehistoric” structure in the Upper Midwest. the only effigy mound of this type in Minnesota.The Biggs Ford Site (18FR14) is a large, well-preserved, multi-component Native American village site located on the Monocacy River in Frederick County, Maryland. This possibly palisaded settlement was occupied by peoples of the Montgomery Complex (1000-1450 AD) and the Luray Complex (1300-1500 AD). Biggs Ford is one of only a handful of large ...Check out our native american effigies selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our art objects shops. Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center at Trempealeau. By the 1990’s, archaeologists had learned a great deal about the age of past cultures through Carbon 14 dating. For example, we know that the Hopewell Culture dates from about A.D. 100-400 and that the Effigy Mound Culture dates from about A.D. 700-1100. In the 1990s, thousands of bones and bone fragments mysteriously went missing from Effigy Mounds National Monument in Iowa, the continental epicenter of Native American burial remains. In December ...Jul 3, 2017 · The Effigy Mounds National Monument in Iowa was created to protect one set of these — and the bones inside. But in 2011, a new superintendent, Jim Nepstad, discovered that the remains of 41 Native Americans had disappeared. In this episode, we use the term “Native American” because the story refers to legislation that uses that term.

Amy Rosebrough visited Madison, Wisconsin's, Native American Effigy Mounds and talked about what they reveal about the early cultures that lived in the area thousands of years ago. She visited two .... Md w train schedule

effigy native american

Bird Effigy Bowl. Mississippian, Native American. between 1300 and 1500. Bottle. Mississippian, Native American. between 1300 and 1500. Bowl with Reclining Female Figure. A serpent 1300 feet long. The Great Serpent Mound in rural, southwestern Ohio is the largest serpent effigy in the world. Numerous mounds were made by the ancient Native American cultures that flourished along the fertile valleys of the Mississippi, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri Rivers a thousand years ago, though many were destroyed as …Feb 4, 2019 · Southold Indian Museum. kaolin pipe and effigy or pipe bowl in the shape of a human face, from Port Washington, The American Museum of Natural History, 1947. An effigy face pendant. Southold Indian Museum An effigy face object meant to be laced or have items inserted into it. Southold Indian Museum. Hiking at Fire Point Trail, Effigy Mounds National Monument . NPS Photo. In 2013, funding was secured to create a Cultural Landscape Report (CLR). The process for creating this document recognized the on-going significance of the landscape to existing Native American Tribes and involved active consultation in determining the best … Native American Effigies. April 2011. By Erin Wingfield, MAC Lab Collections Assistant. Effigies cover a large category of objects created by Native Americans to represent human or animal forms. These unusual figures have been formed from multiple material types including stone, clay, shell, wood and bone. These figures have been discovered in ... Prices for a native American effigy can differ depending upon size, time period and other attributes — at 1stDibs, they begin at $1,800 and can go as high as $35,000, while the …Grand Mound Historic Site is one of 25 National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota. The largest of the five mounds is 25 feet high and 140 feet long. It is: Minnesota’s largest Native American earthwork. the largest surviving “prehistoric” structure in the Upper Midwest. the only effigy mound of this type in Minnesota.The sheer density of effigy and burial mounds in the Madison area attests to the importance of the region for native people, explains Aaron Bird Bear, the American Indian academic services coordinator and a Mandan who has taken an active interest in the university’s cultural landscape. “Why is the four-lakes region so central? Native American Made authentically correct Iroquois Handmade piece of History w/effigy engraving w/Display Stand Burl Walnut Wood (1.5k) Sale Price $1,275.00 $ 1,275.00 A stone mound created by Native Americans between 1550 and 1760 measures up to 30 feet in diameter and is the largest such feature at the site of River Glen in Georgia’s Jackson County. The ... The most famous effigy mound, Serpent Mound in southern Ohio, ranges from 1 foot (0.30 m) to just over 3 feet (0.91 m) tall, 20 feet (6.1 m) wide, more than ... Fort Ancient is the name for a Native American culture that flourished from 1000 to 1650 CE among a people who predominantly inhabited land along the Ohio River in areas of modern ...The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed by the Congress in 1990 with the intent of giving American Indian tribes claim over the remains of their ancestors. This law has had a profound effect on Effigy Mounds National Monument and how we manage and deal with our collections.Woodland Animal Effigy Pipes “During the Woodland period, artisans crafted many ceremonial pipes into the shapes of various animals and sometimes people. The remarkable animal effigy platform pipes of the Hopewell culture are among the most delicate and naturalistic of these sculpted effigies. ... Native American Tobacco …Here are 11 ancient Native American earthworks that offer a glimpse into prehistory. 1. Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site // Illinois. Monks Mound is the highest mound at Cahokia State Historic ...A former superintendent of Effigy Mounds National Monument has been sentenced to serve prison time, home detention, and pay restitution for stealing and damaging the remains of more than 40 Native American people.The Beloit College campus features 20 conical, linear, and animal effigy mounds built between about AD 400 and 1200. One, in the form of a turtle, has inspired the symbol (and unofficial mascot) of the College. Similar mounds are found throughout southern Wisconsin and adjacent portions of surrounding states. They were built by Native Americans ...According to the Postsecondary National Policy Institute (PNPI), only 19% of 18–24-year-old Native Americans are enrolled in higher education. Compare that to the overall U.S. popu...Oct 12, 2020 ... ... effigy pipe, a significant artifact in the Ohio History Connection's archaeology collection. This pipe, possibly depicting a Native American ....

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